President Jackson and the Removal of the Cherokee Indians :: American History Essays

President Jackson and the Removal of the Cherokee Indians "The decision of the Jackson administration to remove the Cherokee Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River in the 1830's was more a reformulation of the national policy that had been in effect since the 1790's than a change in that policy." The dictum above is firm and can be easily proved by examining the administration of Jackson and comparison to the traditional course which was carried out for about 40 years. After 1825 the federal government attempted to remove all eastern Indians to the Great Plains area of the Far West. The Cherokee Indians of northwestern Georgia, to protect themselves from removal, made up a constitution which said that the Cherokee Indians were sovereign and not subject to the laws of Georgia. When the Cherokee sought help from the Congress that body only allotted lands in the West and urged them to move. The Supreme Court, however, in Worcester vs. Georgia, ruled that they constituted a "domestic dependent nation" not subject to the laws of Georgia. Jackson, who sympathized with the frontiersman, was so outraged that he refused to enforce the decision. Instead he persuaded the tribe to give up it's Georgia lands for a reservation west of the Mississippi. According to Document A, the map shows eloquently, the relationship between time and policies which effected the Indians. From the Colonial and Confederation treaties, a significant amount of land had been acquired from the Cherokee Indians. Successively, during Washington's, Monroe's, and Jefferson's administration, more and more Indian land was being commandeered. The administrations during the 1790's to the 1830's had gradually acquired more and more land from the Cherokee Indians. Jackson followed that precedent by the acquisition of more Cherokee lands. According to Document B, "the first of which is by raising an army, and [destroying the resisting] tribes entirely or 2ndly by forming treaties of peace with them", "under the existing circumstances of affairs, the United States have a clear right, consistently with the principles of justice and the laws of nature, to proceed to the destruction or expulsion of the savages." The use of the word savages, shows that the American had irreverence toward other ethnic backgrounds. Henry Knox wanted to destroy the cherokee tribes inorder to gain land for the United States, although he questions the morality of whether to acquire the cherokee land, his conclusion forbode's the appropriation. According to Document C, "That the Cherokee Nation may be led to a greater degree of civilization, and to

Archetypes in Beowulf Essay

Archetypes stir profound emotions in the reader because they awaken images stored in the collective unconscious. In Seamus Haney’s translation of Beowulf this is used in the form of character types. Beowulf is a hero and encounters many triumphs with different types of people on his journey in this epic poem. There are three archetypal characters in Beowulf that are particularly effective and intriguing. These are The Creature of Nightmare Grendel, The Mentor Hrothgar, and The Loyal Retainer Wiglaf. The characters are common experiences in the human psyche. The Creature of Nightmare is a monster from the deepest darkest part of the human psyche. Throughout Beowulf, Grendel’s actions and description accurately fits the archetype. The vivid language used in the poem illustrates Grendel as a monster. â€Å"The God-cursed brute was creating havoc:/greedy and grim he grabbed thirty men/from their resting places†¦/ (121-123)†. He’s also depicted as â€Å"a fiend out of hell/ (100)†. This passage acts as an illustration of the archetype in the poem because a demon that steals lives at a peaceful hour is what would happen in a nightmare. Grendel shares similarities with another dark creature from literature, Poseidon. He is known through Greek mythology as an almighty god but also is a monster. In the myth of Medusa, Poseidon took medusa’s virginity forcefully in the temple of Athena, had the blame put on her, and she was terribly punished. The acts he committed were iniquitous. What makes this archetype particularly effective and intriguing is the fact that these monsters are real; except they aren’t in the form of a nightmare or make believe gods. In addition to the Creature of Nightmare there is the Mentor. This individual acts as a teacher or consoler to the initiate. The fit for this archetype is Hrothgar. For the duration of the novel, he acts as role model to Beowulf consoling him to achieve greatness. Hrothgar depicts this archetype when he talks to Beowulf about life and how to be a good king. He says â€Å"†¦understand true values. / I who tell you have wintered into wisdom. / (1724-1725)† and â€Å"Do not give way to pride. / for a brief while your strength is in bloom but it fades quickly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Being a mentor requires experience so that wisdom can be bestowed onto another and that something is learned. He undoubtedly does this for Beowulf. Hrothgar can be compared to another character in literature. This character is Hagrid from  Harry Potter. It’s easy to overlook him but Hagrid turns out to be Harry’s rescuer and first real friend. He’s the first person to take Harry’s side in anything, and he is the first real impression that Harry gets of the wizard world, aside from the letters. Harry makes use of relying on friendship throughout all of the books thanks to Hagrid. These details make him an exemplary example of a mentor. The Mentor archetype is effective and intriguing because people still have mentors by their side in the form of a mother, father, friend, teacher, or other guiding them through life. Lastly, there is The Loyal Retainers. These people are very important as they are usually a sidekick who has a duty to protect and reflect the nobility of the hero. Beowulf’s sidekick is Wiglaf. He comes at the end of Beowulf and is the only warrior who stays and helps Beowulf defeat the dragon, â€Å"No help or backing was to be had then/ f rom his high-born comrades; that hand-picked troop/ †¦ ran for their lives†¦/but within one heart sorrow welled up/ (2597-2600)†. He also stays with Beowulf when his last breath is taken. Wiglaf gets this archetype because he protected the hero, Beowulf. He shares very similar qualities with Ponyboy from The Outsiders. He is the main character but when his friend, Johnny, kills someone Ponyboy runs away with him staying by Johnny’s side till he died even though he could have let Johnny get in trouble by himself. Ponyboy protected Johnny and stood by his side. The archetype, Loyal Retainer, is effective and intriguing because there’s always somebody that is there for another person in life to protecting them and be loyal. Archetypes are persuasive in the epic poem Beowulf. The Creature of Nightmare, The Mentor, and The Loyal Retainer are common experiences in the human psyche. These archetypes can be connected to other literature. They can also be connected to life. The ideas in this essay matters to the world because as according to Carl Jung people from all over the world respond to certain myths or stories in the same way not because everyone knows the same story but because lying deep in our collective unconsciousness are the racial memories of humanity’s past. These memorie s exist in the form of archetypes.

Shakespeare’s Sonnet 102

Shakespeare’s Sonnet 102 Poet and screenwriter, Susan Griffin, once said, â€Å"A story is told as much by silence as by speech. † This statement underlines the fact that just because words are not spoken, it does not mean that there is no meaning behind the silence. Someone’s lack of words can have as much, if not even more, power as another’s most persuasive speech. In Sonnet 102, Shakespeare explains why he believes in the power of silence regarding his feelings towards his true love.His allusion to the nightingale correlates perfectly with the paradox of his increasing love for a woman in conveying the sonnet’s overall theme that silence is always preferable to just meaningless words. In the sonnet, Shakespeare uses the allusion of the nightingale to describe his love of a young woman. He states, â€Å"Our love was new†¦/ when I was wont to greet it†¦/ as Philomel in summer’s froth doth sing† (lines 5-7), comparing the sp eaker’s love as his relationship with the woman progresses to that of nightingale’s song.In classical times, the nightingale was widely referred to as Philomel. In Roman and Greek mythology, Philomela was a woman turned into a nightingale by the Gods to save her from the hands of rapist. Because of the violence associated with the myth, the nightingale’s song is often interpreted as a lament, but it is also construed to symbolize beauty and even, such as in the case of this poem, love. In a factual sense, a nightingale is a small bird that frequently sings at night as well as in the day, standing out as one of the only birds that sing after the sun descends.By comparing his love to Philomel after she â€Å"stops her pipe in growth of riper days† (8), he makes his theme of silence clear. Even the most vocal of birds such as the nightingale knows when to stop singing its beautiful song, showing the world how much he truly loves it by offering a moment of pe ace and quiet. This resembles the feelings of the narrator because even though he loves her with all his heart, he does not want to bore her by saying it too often or by making it appear as if his love is not as special as it used to be.In addition, Shakespeare also introduces the poem with the paradox â€Å"My love is strengthened, though more weak in seeming;† (1) that connects his allusion to true love. This paradox starts the poem off by explaining how his love for a woman has actually gotten stronger over time although he may not verbalize it as much as he used to. He attempts to explain that even though he keeps it more to himself now, his love for his woman has only increased as time passed. His love resembles the nightingale’s singing in that it is always going to be there even if it is not heard because he does not want to ruin the beauty of it by saying it too much.The initial burst of first love has surpassed the narrator now, leaving him with a genuine love that does not need a constant reminding with words in order to convey the passion in his heart. Although observing a nightingale singing is rare, its music can always be heard. This parallels the speaker’s love in that his woman does not need to constantly be told how much he loves her, but rather she should know it by his eyes and his actions. His silence emphasizes the idea that words are not always necessary to express one’s feelings, and even in some cases it is better to keep quiet.Shakespeare’s allusion to the nightingale and paradox of his growing love work together to convey the universal idea that sometimes a lack of words can have a greater depiction of a person’s inner feelings than the best articulated vocalizations possible. If a man really loves a woman, she should be able to comprehend the intensity of that love not by the things he says, but by the way he acts and how he looks at her. Perhaps all the noise and speaking in the world then i s actually people’s lack of true love for one another, a love that can only be found in knowing and understanding the Lord Jesus Christ.

Bridging the Gap

Bridging the Gap January 28, 2014 Poetry of the 17th century is unique because it is of a metaphysical nature and it is deeper in meaning that the courtly love poetry before its time. It focuses on love, death, and loss other than death such as innocence and material possessions. The seemingly imposable things such as the afterlife and Heaven are said to be metaphysical in nature and both subjects are present in the three selected poems for this paper. Ben Jonson exhibits grief upon the loss of his first daughter and his first son in the poems â€Å"On My First Son† and â€Å"On My First Daughter†, but his grief is displayed in different tones.Anne Bradstreet exhibits grief over the loss of her home and all of her material possessions in â€Å"Here Follows Some Verses Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1666†, but her grief turns into a comforting tone as she realizes her true possessions are in Heaven, not on Earth. â€Å"Thou hast a house on high erect, f ramed by that mighty Architect, with glory richly furnished† (Ferguson, Salter, & Stallworthy, 2005, p. 467). The three chosen poems deal with loss and grief.The poet of each poem expresses religious beliefs in Heaven and the afterlife and a comforting tone is exhibited for the reader to find comfort in the possibility that a better life exists beyond life on Earth. Ben Jonson was a poet born in 1572 and died in 1637. His work is often considered classical dramatics. His poem â€Å"On My First Son† expresses sorrow for the death of his first son. The poem is an elegy which means the poem is a serious reflection and a mournful poem about the dead. This is a twelve line poem with six pairs of rhyming couplets. Line five is the most emotional line. â€Å"O could I lose all father now! † (Ferguson et al. p. 323). Jonson tries to see death as an escape from the world. There is a calmer tone later in the poem as the poet is speaking in a more positive mood, seeing his son as his finest creation. The poem is written from the 17th century England and childhood illnesses were often fatal. Hospitals, vaccinations against diseases, antibiotics and treatments were unknown during that time. Many children did not live very long. When they died, parents reacted to their death in a different manner than people in current society react to the death of a child. The poem is delivered in rhyming lines called couplets and it is addressed to the dead son.Metaphor is present when Jonson refers to his son as being lent to him. For seven years. â€Å"Seven years thou wert lent to me, and I thee pay exacted by thy fate, on the just day† (Ferguson et al. , p. 323). Jonson believes that all life is a gift from God, and now God is taking back his child at a young and tender age of seven. As Jonson grieves over his son, he also shows the reader how death is something to be envied. Perhaps death is something to look forward to. This feeling is explained in lines s even and eight when Jonson states â€Å"To have so soon scoped world’s and flesh’s rage, and, if no other miser, yet age† (Ferguson et al. p. 323). An escape from the turmoil that one encounters throughout life is escaped by death. Jonson also vows to not become too attached or to love someone too much in the future so he will not feel so much pain again. Jonson also wrote â€Å"On My First Daughter† which is an elegy about his first daughter who died at the age of six months old. In this poem, Jonson believes nothing lasts forever and death is inevitable. Written in the 17th century, childhood death was not uncommon. Jonson delivers sadness as well as a feeling of comfort and belief that the poet’s baby girl is in Heaven.A hidden message in this poem is that death is not the final destination. The religious thoughts throughout the poem offer peace and comfort about death and the afterlife. â€Å"Yet all Heaven’s gifts being Heaven’s due† (Ferguson et al. , p. 323) insinuates that nothing lasts forever and death is inevitable. Jonson sees his daughter’s death as if she belongs to God and now God has taken her back. This twelve line poem contains six pairs of rhyming couplets. Lines three and four demonstrate a rationalization of the death as well as the ability for Jonson to overcome his emotions more than a woman could. Yet all heaven’s gifts being Heaven’s due, it makes the father less to rue† (Ferguson et al. , p. 323). He also finds comfort in knowing he lost his daughter to death with her innocence intact. Because she died with her innocence, there is a special honor of believing she in honored in Heaven and Jonson finds comfort in the sad event of his daughter’s death. Jonson uses rationalism in his poems as he reasons with the death of his children. â€Å"On My First Daughter† has a different attitude and delivery from the attitude and delivery regarding his son’s death in â€Å"On My First Son†.He appears to accept his daughter’s death with less grief than his acceptance of his son’s death. The length of time he had with his daughter and his son could also determine the tone he took in each poem. He could have bonded with his 7-year-old son as where he did not bond with the 6-month-old daughter. He does however find comfort in believing both children are in Heaven and free from pain. He believes Heaven is a better place than living on Earth. Anne Bradstreet, born in 1612 and died in 1672, is the 17th century Puritan author of â€Å"Here Follows Some Verses Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1616†.Her subjects within her poems were home, life, relationships, living, sorrow, and grief. Her faith and values are apparent throughout the poem. The rhyming of every two lines allows the reader to process the words before going to the next two lines. The nine six-line stanzas are written in plain style. The Puritan in Bradstreet preferred a plain style of writing that rarely included figurative language. She stressed simplicity, clarity of expression, the use of everyday words, and the implied metaphor even though most of her images and words are literal throughout her poem.The context of Bradstreet’s poem is the 17th century Puritan colonies in North America. The theme of the poem is that materials possessions are worthless and the only thing that is worthy is going to Heaven in the afterlife. The reader takes a journey through the descriptions of Bradstreet’s possessions before her true feelings are revealed regarding loss, material possessions, and a person’s salvation in Heaven. There are obvious sentence inversions to accommodate the demands of rhyme. This is present in the first line of the poem â€Å"In silent night when rest I took for sorrow near I did not look† (Ferguson et al. p. 466). The speaker becomes aware of her house burning down and s he informs her readers about the material objects in a material world. Pain and loss are explored while memories and fantasies about her home are revealed. â€Å"No pleasant tale shall e’er be told, nor things recounted done of old† (Ferguson et al. , p. 467). The statement reveals a woman mourning the material loss while also mourning the lost years of an imagined future in her house. The turning point in the poem occurs when the speaker is finished grieving over the ruins of her home.She begins to realize that she should focus on her home in Heaven and the beautiful afterlife she will have rather than her home on Earth. The last two lines of the poem express to the reader how the speaker truly feels. â€Å"My world no longer let me love, my hope and treasure lies above† (Ferguson et al. , p. 467). Bradstreet, like Jonson, finds comfort in believing in the afterlife and having faith that Heaven is where good and Holy people will spend eternity. Heaven, in both author’s beliefs, is a better place than living on Earth.The gift of Heaven through good works was a common belief during the 17th century. Jonson and Bradstreet both suffered a great loss. Jonson lost two children to death while Bradstreet lost her home and all of her possessions to a fire. They both grieved over their loss but in a different way. The end of each poem confirms the author’s religious beliefs that Heaven and the afterlife are better than life here on Earth. References Ferguson, M. , Salter, M. J. , & Stallworthy, J. (Eds. ). (2005). The Norton anthology of poetry (5th ed. ). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.

Variable costing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Variable costing - Assignment Example Despite the various methods of pricing a firm based on its industry should select the most effective method to the firm. Costing is the main function in every firm, the rational being every firm exists in its industry with the main aim as profit making. References 8 VARIABLE COSTING Executive summary This is a report about a review of marginal costing as used in the managerial accounting system. Certain terminologies associated with the concept of marginal costing are identified in the report. The report also defines logically certain terms like variable costs, fixed costs, CVP and breakeven analysis as the key concepts. It goes ahead to prove the rational and marginal costing concepts as used in short term decision making. Being a costing technique, several assumptions such as division of cost element into fixed costs and variable costs, variable cost being considered directly proportional to the production volume, fixed costs being constant throughout the production levels and is b eing shared according to the volume of production per unit, cost is only influenced by the volume output, and at all levels, the selling price would remain unchanged, are associated with it. The report analysis gives logical evidences in manufacturing, hospitality and airline industries, as where the technique is used. Through appraisal and evaluation, it has been found to be the basis for product and service costing; hence, it is critical to identify its strengths and weaknesses (Maher, Lanen & Rehan, 2005). A recommendation has been made in this report for the marginal costing to be used in the three industries for a short term after its comparison with other alternative methods. Reconciliation of absorption and marginal costing methods has been recommended in order to cater for both short term and long term decisions. In summary, every firm is advised to use a costing method which is relevant to the firm’s decision. Introduction Variable costing is a managerial accounting concept, which according to Managerial Accounting by Ray H. Garrison, Eric W. Noreen, and Peter C. Brewer, is a costing method which has only a variable cost in the unit product cost. From its definition, Variable costs are the costs that vary with corresponding changes in the level of production. Thus, we can say variable costs are directly proportional to the volume of production. The technique is majorly for short term decision making instances rather than for outside purposes. Other methods of costing may include manufacturing cost that does not consider differentiating the costs into either fixed or variable costs (Drucker, 1999). In manufacturing cost, we consider the direct materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead. Under this managerial accounting concept, a logical relationship between direct materials inventory and the expenses (direct labor and manufacturing overhead) incurred in the production of the end product which is delivered to the market for sale. In this case, the inventory does not fully absorb the firm’s costs. The method considers cost of goods sold to be made solely as a variable cost because it does not include fixed manufacturing overhead from the cost of inventory. Since fixed inventory is always expensed in the current period, it is normally treated as a periodic cost as the capitalizing cost which forms part of the inventory cost is often referred to as product cost (Maskell & Bargerly, 2003). When marginal costing is used to mean the cost of goods which only includes variable in its unit product cost, then variable costing may also be linked to this meaning. Variable costing

Alcoholism is a Disease Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Alcoholism is a Disease - Research Proposal Example This paper will attempt to provide a comprehensive alternative account of the hesitance of the alcoholism therapeutic circles to abandon the disease framework through applying Kuhn’s (1996) approach of scientific development in an historical investigation of the disease framework. To substantiate this standpoint, evidence of the surfacing of the disease framework as a model, assumptions about the causes of alcoholism, the elaborate definition of alcoholism by Jellinek in his book entitled ‘The Disease Concept of Alcoholism, and lastly the surfacing of inconsistency followed by difficulty in the alcoholism study and treatment community are included. The disease framework of alcoholism can be traced back more than two centuries ago, and is regarded by many to be the prevailing framework governing scientific investigation and therapeutic models for the greater part of the 20th century. Nevertheless, in the sixties, the disease framework came under assault because of the surfacing of inconsistent scientific and therapeutic findings. Aside from the United States, the disease framework is regarded by countless to have been questioned, and has traditionally been left out in support of alternative frameworks, such as social-learning assumption. However, in the United States, the disease framework and its main treatment objective of self-discipline persist to tremendously prevail over the treatment of alcoholism. Between other accounts, the financial and political interests of the treatment of alcoholism society in the U.S. have been presented to elaborate the reason why U.S. persists to be left out by other nations in moving further t he disease framework. Nevertheless, an alternative justification for the unwillingness of the alcoholism treatment society to give up the disease framework is exposed by applying Kuhn’s approach of scientific development in an historical investigation of the

News & Views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

News & Views - Essay Example What is never mentioned, however, is that everybody has the right to read and get the most basic information about any disease including breast cancer. This news brief seeks to inform everyone that breast cancer is real, and with ever increasing research, the root cause hence the cure for the diases shall be known. Since it was rerpoted that breast cancer exists, a number of studies have sought to understand the its real cure. In most recent studies, it has been indicated that KLf8 to MMP14 signaling is the principle facilitator of metastasis of breast cancer (Lu et al, 2013). According to Lu et al KLf8 to MMP14 signaling helps in progression of breast cancer in human. Lu et al hinted that KLF8 also called the Kruppel-like factor 8, plays a significant role in regulating critical transcription gene, which is a gen responsible for causing cancer. However, what remains unclear is the conditions and mechanism of the operation of this gene. According to Lu et al, KLF8 facilitates the act ivity, rather than the matrix metalloproteinase expression. Background. The debate on the cause and treatment of breast cancer has never ceased. There is lacking scientific proof that breast care can be cured. The number of studies that have sought to ascertain the real cause of this deadly disease has always increased (Ara, & Deyama, 2000; Cristofanilli, 2006). However, most were focused on the initial stages of breast cancer. According to Nawrocki-Raby and Gilles (2003) metastatic cell can help increase the survival chances of a breast cancer patient. Symowicz and Adley (2007) noted that Kruppel-like factor 8 an important cancer promoting protein occurs in different categories of cancers. Zhao and Reiske (1998) KLF8 is one factor that targets the promoters of different oncogenes or the genes that suppress tumor for the transcriptional repression or activation. The function of KLF8 in breast cancer was identified, when KLFB was identified as a kinase focal adhesion downstream effec tor.KLF8is known to be overexpressed in the human cancers that are invasive, such as breast cancer, hence promoting the invasion of the breast cancer cells togehte rwith metastasis. This happens through the propulsion through cycle cell progression. Due to the valid functions of KLF8, the protein is always regulated at the post transitional and transitional levels together with the localization of the nuclear. From the conducted studies, there is no documented study that reports on the molecular mechanism signalling by KLF8 and known to facilitate breast cancer. IN metastasis, and tumor invasion the matrix metalloproteinase has a vital function to play. They operate downstream of FAK by enhancing tumor metastatis. Another study on this field identified MMP9 as one direct transcriptional target of activation by KLF8 together with the mediator promoting KLF8 breast cancer invasion of cell. Togehter with that finding, the study established that KLF8 can regulate the MMP2 3nzyme functio ns with no effect to the expressional levels. Explanation. For the invasiveness of breast cancer ceel, the KLF8 upregulation of MMP14 is vital. A study by Lu et al (2013) showed that the KLF8 overexpression in the cells of MCF-10 would facilitate the knockdown and invasion of the KLF8 inside the MDA-MB-231 invasion cells. This study found that MMP9 is a transcriptional target of activation of the KLF8 in the cells which take part in the invasion of KLF8 invasion dependent (Symowicz & Adley, 2007). The activity of MMP2 is reported to be upregulated